Crocheting Chain Stitches / Turning Chains / Chain-Up Stitches

Dear users, dear authors,
How do you make chain stitches / turning chains / chain-up stitches when crocheting?

Chain stitches are the first stitches you learn when crocheting.
These stitches form the foundation of every pattern—unless a magic ring is required.

Chain stitches look like the links of a chain.

To begin, form a loop with the yarn.
Then insert the crochet hook through this loop and pull the yarn through the loop until a new loop is formed, and so on.

Turn chains are chain stitches crocheted at the end of a row.
Starting chains are made at the beginning of the project.
The number of turn chains or starting chains you crochet depends on the specific stitch type.
I crochet as follows:

• 2 stitches = 1 single crochet
• 3 stitches = 1 double crochet
• 4 stitches = 1 treble crochet

The taller the stitch being replaced, the more chain stitches the turning or starting chain has.

Are turning stitches and chain-up stitches the same stitch but with different names, depending on how I’m holding the crochet piece at the moment? 

Yes, Karola.
At the beginning of the project, they’re starting chains, and at the end, they’re turning chains.

Thanks, that’s good to know!
And maybe it explains a few mistakes I’ve made...😁